Protecting eyesight is a fundamental aspect of maintaining overall health. Yet eye conditions like glaucoma often remain misunderstood or overlooked. This condition, which affects millions of people worldwide, can lead to gradual vision loss if left unmanaged.
What is Glaucoma?
Glaucoma is a progressive eye condition that damages the optic nerve, the part of the eye responsible for transmitting visual signals from the retina to the brain. This damage is often linked to an increase in intraocular pressure (the fluid pressure inside the eye). While pressure buildup can occur in many cases, there are also forms of glaucoma that impact individuals despite normal eye pressure levels.
There are several common types of glaucoma. Primary open-angle glaucoma is the most prevalent form and develops slowly over time, often without noticeable symptoms until vision loss occurs. Angle-closure glaucoma occurs when the drainage angle in the eye becomes blocked, leading to a rapid increase in pressure. It can present as a medical emergency. Normal-tension glaucoma occurs despite normal intraocular pressure, and its exact causes are less clearly understood.
What are the Symptoms and How Is It Diagnosed?
The symptoms can vary depending on the type and stage of the condition. Here are common signs to be aware of:
- Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma:
- Gradual loss of peripheral (side) vision
- Tunnel vision in advanced stages
- Angle-Closure Glaucoma (often a medical emergency):
- Severe eye pain
- Blurred vision
- Redness of the eye
- Nausea and vomiting
- Halos around lights
Since the early stages often show no symptoms, regular eye examinations are the most effective way to identify the condition before noticeable vision loss occurs.
Diagnosing the Condition
Eye care professionals use a combination of tests to diagnose glaucoma and assess its severity. Gonioscopy evaluates the drainage angle of the eye to determine the type of glaucoma. Pachymetry measures corneal thickness, as it can influence intraocular pressure readings. These diagnostic tools allow professionals to monitor eye health and pursue timely interventions when necessary.
How is It Treated?
While glaucoma cannot be cured, various treatments may help manage it and slow its progression. The appropriate treatment often depends on the type and stage of the condition, as well as the patient’s medical history and lifestyle. Common treatment approaches can include the following.
Medications
Prescription eye drops are often the first line of treatment for glaucoma. These drops work to reduce intraocular pressure within the eye. They can also improve fluid drainage from the eye to control pressure levels. Occasionally, oral medications may also be prescribed to enhance these effects.
Surgery
Surgical procedures may be recommended for patients who do not respond well to medications or laser therapy. These surgeries focus on creating new drainage pathways or improving existing ones. One surgical approach is minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS), a less invasive option to other surgeries.
Seeking Medical Care
Glaucoma is a complex condition that requires ongoing attention and care. Regular eye checkups are paramount, especially for individuals with known risk factors, as early detection can significantly slow its progression and preserve vision. If you experience any symptoms mentioned above or are overdue for an eye examination, reaching out to an eye care professional is a key step. Comprehensive testing and timely interventions may make a meaningful difference in managing the condition and maintaining quality of life.
